Effectiveness of preoperative decolonization with nasal povidone iodine in Chinese patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery: a prospective cross-sectional study

Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the nares of patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery increases the potential risk of surgical site infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has gained recognition as a pathogen that is no longer only just a hospital-acquired pathogen. Patients positive for MRSA are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality following infection. MRSA is commonly found in the nares, and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) is even more prevalent. Recently, studies have determined that screening for this pathogen prior to surgery and diminishing staphylococcal infections at the surgical site will dramatically reduce surgical site infections. A nasal mupirocin treatment is shown to significantly reduce the colonization of the pathogen. However, this treatment is expensive and is currently not available in China. Thus, in this study, we first sought to determine the prevalence of MSSA/MSRA in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery in northern China, and then, we treated the positive patients with a nasal povidone-iodine swab. Here, we demonstrate a successful reduction in the colonization of S. aureus. We propose that this treatment could serve as a cost-effective means of eradicating this pathogen in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, which might reduce the rate of surgical site infections.

Evaluación económica del tratamiento antimicrobiano en pacientes histerectomizadas por fibroma uterino / Economic evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in hysterectomized patients for uterine fibroma

ANTECEDENTES: Las infecciones constituyen la principal causa de morbilidad luego de las cirugías ginecológicas. Debido al uso irracional de los antimicrobianos y la poca adherencia a los protocolos de actuación, se decidió investigar la alternativa clínica más eficiente entre las existentes para alcanzar un objetivo sanitariamente deseable. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una evaluación económica del uso de los antimicrobianos en las pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de fibroma uterino en el Hospital "Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo, Cuba, durante el periodo abril-mayo de 2012 para lograr un uso racional de estos medicamentos, disminuir riesgo de resistencia antimicrobiana, incidencia de infección de la herida quirúrgica y costos por concepto de medicamentos. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, en base a revisión de historias clínicas, se determinó la edad de las pacientes, tipo de cirugía, antimicrobianos más utilizados y duración del tratamiento. Se realizó una evaluación económica total del tipo minimización de costos. RESULTADOS: El 61,64% de las pacientes tenían entre 41-50 años. El 81,62% de las cirugías se clasificó como limpia contaminada; el antimicrobiano más utilizado fue la cefazolina como monoterapia (51,28%); el 84,62% de las pacientes recibió tratamiento durante 2 días; el 100% de las prescripciones resultó inadecuada; el costo global por concepto de antimicrobianos fue de 3.242,65 pesos cubanos y se hubiese obtenido un ahorro aproximado de 827,80 pesos cubanos de haberse aplicado correctamente las protocolos de actuación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales del servicio de ginecología no se adhieren a los protocolos de profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria, aumentando los costos por medicamentos.

BACKGROUND: Infections are the main cause of morbidity after gynecological surgeries. Due to the irrational use of antimicrobials and little adherence to protocols, it decided to investigate the most efficient clinical alternative among existing sanitary desirable to reach a goal. AIMS: To perform an economic evaluation of the use of antimicrobials in patients operated with a diagnosis of uterine fibroid in the "Agostinho Neto" Hospital, Guantanamo, Cuba, during the period April-May 2012 to achieve a rational use of these drugs reduce risk of antimicrobial resistance, incidence of surgical wound infection and costs for drugs. METHOD: A retrospective study was made, the medical records were reviewed, the patient age, type of surgery, most commonly used antimicrobial and duration of treatment was determined: an overall economic assessment, the type was minimization of costs. RESULTS: 61.64% of the patients were between 41-50 years old; the 81.62% of the surgeries were classified as clean contaminated; cefazolin was the most antimicrobial used as monotherapy (51.28%); 84.62% of the patients received treatment for 2 days; 100% of prescriptions was inadequate; the overall cost was 3,242.65 Cuban pesos and has been obtained savings of approximately 728.80 Cuban pesos if the protocols have been correctly applied. CONCLUSION: Gynecology service professionals do not adhere to the protocols of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, increasing drug cost.

Successful control program to implement the appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: Describe implementation of a successful program to reduce doses (cefazolin 2 to 1 g) used for antimicrobial prophylaxis. METHODS: Evaluation of an intervention program to reduce prophylactic antimicrobial doses. The intervention included weekly staff discussions, automatic dispensation of 1g-vial of cefazolin by the pharmacy unless expressly requested by surgeon and increase in post-discharge surveillance as a strategy to reassure surgeons of the safety of the reduction. In the pre and post intervention periods, a prospective study of antimicrobial consumption and surgical site infections were measured. RESULTS: There were 5,164 and 5,204 deliveries in 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, respectively; 1,524 (29.5 percent) and 1,363 (26 percent) were cesarean sections. There was a 45 percent decrease in cefazolin vials used on average per cesarean section (2.29 to 1.25). Patients evaluated increased from 16 percent to 67 percent and the SSI rates in both periods were 3.34 percent to 2.42 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: An ample intervention, including administrative and educational measures, led to high compliance with dose reduction and saved more than US$4,000 in cefazolin, considered important because government reimbursement in Brazil for cesarean section is $80.

OBJETIVO: descrever a implantação de um programa de redução de doses usadas para profilaxia antimicrobiana em cesárea. MÉTODOS: Descrição a implantação de um programa de redução de profilaxia com cefazolina de 2 g para 1 g através de discussões semanais com profissionais, dispensação automática de frascos de 1 g de cefazolina pela farmácia exceto quando feito pedido expresso pelo cirurgião. Houve um trabalho para aumentar a vigilância pós alta, com o objetivo de tranquilizar os cirurgiões quanto à segurança da nova dose. Foi realizada uma avaliação prospectiva, antes e depois da implantação do programa, do consumo de cefazolina e das taxas de infecção obtidas por vigilância durante a hospitalização e após a alta. RESULTADOS: Houve 5.164 e 5.204 partos em 2001-2 e 2003-4, respectivamente, sendo que 1.524 (29,5 por cento) e 1.363 (26 por cento) foram cesáreas. Houve uma queda de consumo de frascos de cefazolina de 45 por cento (2,29 para 1,25 por cesárea). O número de pacientes avaliados para infecção hospitalar aumentou de 16 por cento para 67 por cento, e as taxas de infecção foram 3,34 por cento e 2,42 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Uma intervenção ampla, que incluiu medidas administrativas e educacionais, levou a uma alta adesão ao programa de redução de dose profilática em cesárea e permitiu uma economia acima de US$ 4.000 apenas considerando custos com cefazolina. Esta pode ser considerada importante especialmente porque o reembolso do SUS para parto cesárea é aproximadamente US$ 80.

Mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus: custo-benefício da antibioticoterapia de vacas em lactação / Subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: cost benefit analysis of antibiotic therapy in lactating cows

Avaliou-se a relação custo-benefício do tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus. Foram selecionados 270 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e sadios, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o estádio de lactação e o tratamento. O grupo 1 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação e tratados contra mastites; o grupo 2 incluiu animais entre 61 dias da lactação e dois meses antes da secagem e tratados contra mastite; o grupo 3 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação, não tratados contra mastite; e o grupo 4 foi formado por animais entre 61 dias em lactação e dois meses antes da secagem, não tratados. O tratamento foi realizado pela infusão intramamária de 150mg de gentamicina, uma vez ao dia. A reavaliação foi efetuada após 30 dias. Para os cálculos dos custos com o tratamento, foram considerados uma prevalência de S. aureus de 5 por cento e os gastos com medicamento, descarte do leite, antibiograma e mão-de-obra. Observou-se redução de 2 por cento e 14 por cento das receitas nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente, quando comparada com as receitas obtidas antes do tratamento, demonstrando ser economicamente inviável o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus, durante a lactação.

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5 percent as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2 percent and 14 percent in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.

Usage of prophylactic antibiotics in uncomplicated gynecologic abdominal surgery in Siriraj hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of prophylactic antibiotics usage in uncomplicated gynecologic abdominal surgery in Siriraj Hospital, before and after guideline implementation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred and fifty-eight women who underwent elective gynecologic surgery for a benign condition were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups, before and after guideline implementation (control and study group). Medical records of these women were reviewed to determine the rate of prophylactic antibiotics usage, rate of postoperative infection, and antibiotics cost. RESULTS: The most common prophylactic antibiotics used were Cefazolin (41.9%), Cefoxitin (36.4%), and Augmentin (9.7%). Rate of single dose of cefazolin usage were not significantly different between the two groups (10.1% and 12.4% respectively, p = 0.482). However, the rate of postoperative oral antibiotic usage was significantly decreased (31.8% and 14.7% respectively, p = 0.001). The reduction of oral antibiotic usage was significant among staff only. The rate of postoperative infection between control and study groups, as well as between single and other antibiotic prophylaxis were similar. Had a single dose of cefazolin been administered to all patients, the antibiotics cost would have been reduced by 102,012 Baht or 91.8%. CONCLUSION: Rate of a single dose of cefazolin usage as antibiotic prophylaxis in gynecologic surgery was similar to before guideline implementation. However, postoperative oral antibiotics usage decreased significantly, especially among the staff.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopedic surgeries: the results of an implemented protocol

Though the basic principles of antibiotic prophylaxis have been well established, there is still considerable incorrect usage, including how much is prescribed and especially in the duration of treatment, which is generally superior to what is indicated. The adequate use of these drugs contributes towards decreasing the time of internment of the patient, prevents surgical site infection (SSI), decreasing the development of resistant microorganisms, and towards reduced costs for the hospital pharmacy. A protocol for the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo was developed. The objectives of the study were to promote rational antibiotic surgical prophylaxis, through the implantation of a protocol for the use of these drugs in a surgical unit, with the direct contribution of a druggist in collaboration with the Infection Control Committee, to evaluate the adhesion of the health team to the protocol during three distinct periods (daily pre-protocol, early post-protocol and late post-protocol) and to define the consumption of antimicrobials used, measured as daily defined dose.

Evaluación económica del uso de Cefazolina versus Ceftriazona en la profilaxis perioperatoria / Economic evaluation of the use of cefazolin against ceftriaxone in the perioperative prophylaxis

En la década de los 60 se introdujo el concepto de profilaxis perioperatoria, revolucionando los criterios de tratamientos antimicrobiano existentes hasta el momento. Este método permite reducir los fenómenos de sepsis perioperatoria y de alto costo hospitalario, y logra por ende una mayor calidad en la atención al paciente. Se demuestran las ventajas económicas que reporta la relación costo-efectividad en el uso de cefazolina para la profilaxis perioperatoria de apendicitis aguda no complicada e histerectomías, mientras para la cirugía de colon el análisis costo-efectividad se encuentra en el mismo rango de valores de los indicadores utilizados. La evaluación clínica prospectiva se realizó durante 1 año, en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán" en la Ciudad de La Habana a un total de 104 casos tratados con cefazolina y 107 pacientes con ceftriazona

Costo efectividad del uso profilactico de antibioticos en Neurocirugia / Cost and effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery

Con el objeto de comparar la efectividad y los costos del uso profiláctico de antibióticos en neurocirugía, o la ausencia de los mismos en la prevención de infecciones posoperatorias luego de cirugía electiva (craneotomías y derivaciones). Revisamos los artículos referenciados en Medline entre 1980 y 1995. Los términos que se utilizaron para la búsqueda fueron: profilaxis antibiótico en neurocirugía cruzada con cirugía de craneotomías y cirugía de derivaciones. Los datos acerca de los costos se extrajeron del Manual de tarifas del Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, los costos de los medicamentos fueron registrados en el Catálogo nacional de costos de medicamentos autorizados para el plan obligatorio en salud (POS). No se realizó descuento ni tampoco ajustes por inflación debido a lo corto del tiempo en el que se realizó el estudio. De los diferentes trabajos extrajimos los datos acerca de probabilidad de infección, probabilidad de presentar efectos secundarios cuando se utiliza la profilaxis, así como también el antibiótico utilizado y la dosis usada y el costo que se deriva de su uso en nuestro país. Construimos un árbol de decisión clínica sobre el cual se coloraron las diferentes probabilidades y los diferentes costos. Se encontraron dos artículos de metanálisis sobre el tema. El primero, sobre profilaxis antibiótica en craneotomías y el segundo, sobre profilaxis en cirugía de derivaciones. Se buscaron los artículos utilizados en los dos metanálisis. Revisamos 15 artículos con un total de más de 4.000 pacientes en los dos grupos. Dentro de los árboles de decisión que construimos se colocaron los diferentes datos obtenidos y se conmutaron las probabilidades encontradas con los costos que correspondían a cada una de las "ramas" del árbol, de esta forma pudimos establecer el costo final de cada una de ellas. En los estudios de las craneotomías las diferencias entre el uso de antibióticos o la "terapia convencional" de no utilizarlos resultan estrechas ($139.758 para la profilaxis, mientras que la no profilaxis tiene un costo de $184.486). Concluimos que en la cirugía de las derivaciones no resulta ser costo-efectivo utilizar antibióticos profilácticos. Para la cirugía de las craneotomías la diferencia es bastante estrecha pero es significativa, más si se aplica a un gran número de pacientes, donde se puede ahorrar grandes sumas de dinero

Profilaxia antimicrobiana em cirurgias oncologicas / Prophylatic antibiotics in surgical cancer

Antibióticos administrados profilaticamente durante o periodo perioperativo diminuem a morbidade relacionada a cirurgia, encurtando o tempo de hospitalizaçäo e reduzindo os custos hospitalares. Estes säo amplamente utilizados durante procedimentos cirurgicos, porem säo frequentemente administrados de modo incorreto. Neste estudo, os autores avaliaram a rotina de seleçäo e uso dos antibioticos profilaticos em pacientes cirurgicos com cancer no hospital do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Durante 36 meses näo consecutivos, 1681 pacientes oncologicos submetidos a procedimentos cirurgicos foram seguidos prospectivamente por membros da Comissäo de Controle de Infeccao Hospitalar...